14 results
Change in the inflammatory potential of diet over 10 years and subsequent mortality: the Multiethnic Cohort Study
- Song-Yi Park, Chloe P. Lozano, Yurii B. Shvetsov, Carol J. Boushey, Michael D. Wirth, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hébert, Christopher A. Haiman, Lynne R. Wilkens, Loïc Le Marchand
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 129 / Issue 1 / 14 January 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2022, pp. 157-165
- Print publication:
- 14 January 2023
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Dietary inflammatory potential assessed by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) has been associated with health outcomes. However, longitudinal changes in the DII in relation to health outcomes rarely have been studied. This study aimed to examine change in the DII score over 10 years and its association with subsequent mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort. The analysis included 56 263 African American, Japanese American, Latino, Native Hawaiian and White participants who completed baseline (45–75 years) and 10-year follow-up surveys, including a FFQ. Mean energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) decreased over 10 years in men (from −0·85 to −1·61) and women (from −1·80 to −2·47), reflecting changes towards a more anti-inflammatory diet. During an average follow-up of 13·0 years, 16 363 deaths were identified. In multivariable Cox models, compared with anti-inflammatory stable individuals, risk of all-cause mortality was increased with pro-inflammatory change in men (hazard ratio (HR) = 1·13, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·23) and women (HR = 1·22, 95 % CI 1·13, 1·32). Per one-point increase in E-DII score over time, HR was 1·02 (95 % CI 1·00, 1·03) for men and 1·06 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·07) for women (P for heterogeneity < 0·001). While no heterogeneity by race and ethnicity was observed for men, the increased risk per one-point increase among women was stronger in non-Whites than in Whites (P for heterogeneity = 0·004). Our findings suggest that a change towards a more pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increased risk of mortality both in men and women, and that the association is stronger in women, especially non-White women, than in men.
Comprehensive Comparison of Various Techniques for the Analysis of Elemental Distributions in Thin Films
- D. Abou-Ras, R. Caballero, C.-H. Fischer, C.A. Kaufmann, I. Lauermann, R. Mainz, H. Mönig, A. Schöpke, C. Stephan, C. Streeck, S. Schorr, A. Eicke, M. Döbeli, B. Gade, J. Hinrichs, T. Nunney, H. Dijkstra, V. Hoffmann, D. Klemm, V. Efimova, A. Bergmaier, G. Dollinger, T. Wirth, W. Unger, A.A. Rockett, A. Perez-Rodriguez, J. Alvarez-Garcia, V. Izquierdo-Roca, T. Schmid, P.-P. Choi, M. Müller, F. Bertram, J. Christen, H. Khatri, R.W. Collins, S. Marsillac, I. Kötschau
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 17 / Issue 5 / October 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 September 2011, pp. 728-751
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- October 2011
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The present work shows results on elemental distribution analyses in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films for solar cells performed by use of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in a scanning electron microscope, EDX in a transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron, angle-dependent soft X-ray emission, secondary ion-mass (SIMS), time-of-flight SIMS, sputtered neutral mass, glow-discharge optical emission and glow-discharge mass, Auger electron, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, by use of scanning Auger electron microscopy, Raman depth profiling, and Raman mapping, as well as by use of elastic recoil detection analysis, grazing-incidence X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction, and grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films used for the present comparison were produced during the same identical deposition run and exhibit thicknesses of about 2 μm. The analysis techniques were compared with respect to their spatial and depth resolutions, measuring speeds, availabilities, and detection limits.
Atomic-scale design of radiation-tolerant nanocomposites
- M. J. Demkowicz, P. Bellon, B. D. Wirth
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- MRS Bulletin / Volume 35 / Issue 12 / December 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 January 2011, pp. 992-998
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- December 2010
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Recent work indicates that materials with nanoscale architectures, such as nanolayered Cu-Nb composites and nanoscale oxide dispersion-strengthened steels, are both thermally stable and offer improved performance under irradiation. Current understanding of the atomic-level response of such materials to radiation yields insights into how controlling composition, morphology, and interface-defect interactions may further enable atomic-scale design of radiation-tolerant nanostructured composite materials. With greater understanding of irradiation-assisted degradation mechanisms, this bottom-up design approach may pave the way for creating the extreme environment—tolerant structural materials needed to meet the world's clean energy demand by expanding use of advanced fission and future fusion power.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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In Situ TEM Studies of Microstructure Evolution Under Ion Irradiation for Nuclear Engineering Applications
- D Kaoumi, AT Motta, M Kirk, T Faney, B Wirth, J Bentley
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- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 16 / Issue S2 / July 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2010, pp. 1606-1607
- Print publication:
- July 2010
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Recent Progress Toward an Integrated Multiscale-Multiphysics Model of Reactor Pressure Vessel Embrittlement
- B. D. Wirth, G. R. Odette, R. E. Stoller
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 677 / 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 March 2011, AA5.2
- Print publication:
- 2001
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The continued safe operation of nuclear reactors and their potential for lifetime extension depends on ensuring reactor pressure vessel integrity. Reactor pressure vessels and structural materials used in nuclear energy applications are exposed to intense neutron fields that create atomic displacements and ultimately change material properties. The physical processes involved in radiation damage are inherently multiscale, spanning more than 15 orders of magnitude in length and 24 orders of magnitude in time. This paper reports our progress in developing an integrated, multiscale-multiphysics (MSMP) model of radiation damage for the prediction of reactor pressure vessel embrittlement. Key features of the fully integrated MSMP model include: i) combined molecular dynamics (MD) and kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of cascade defect production and cascade aging to produce cross-sections for vacancy, self- interstitial and vacancy-solute cluster size classes for times on the order of seconds; ii) an integrated reaction rate theory and thermodynamic code to predict the evolution of nanostructural and nanochemical features for times on the order of decades; iii) a micromechanics model to calculate the resulting mechanical property changes. This paper will focus on the combined use of MD and KMC to simulate the long-term rearrangement (aging) of defects in displacement cascades and thus, produce late-time production cross-sections for vacancy and vacancy cluster features.
Modeling Cascade Aging in Dilute Fe-Cu Alloys
- B. D. Wirth, G. R. Odette
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 701 / 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, T8.6.1
- Print publication:
- 2001
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The continued safe operation of nuclear reactors and their potential for lifetime extension depends on ensuring reactor pressure vessel integrity. Reactor pressure vessels and structural materials used in nuclear energy applications are exposed to intense neutron fields that create highly non-equilibrium defect concentrations, consisting of a shell of self-interstitial atom and clusters surrounding a vacancy-rich core, over picosecond time scales. This spatially correlated defect production initiates a long chain of events responsible for microstructure evolution and hence irradiation embrittlement. In this paper, we describe the combined use of molecular dynamics (MD) and kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KMC) to simulate the long-term rearrangement (aging) of displacement cascades in dilute Fe-Cu alloys. The simulations reveal the formation of a continuous distribution of three dimensional cascade vacancy-Cu cluster complexes and demonstrate the critical importance of spatial, as well as short and long-time correlated processes that mediate the effective production of primary defects. Finally, this approach can generate production cross-sections for vacancy-Cu clusters that can then be used in rate theory type models of long term global micro and microstructural evolution.
Atomistic Simulation of Dislocation-Defect Interactions in Cu
- B. D. Wirth, V. V. Bulatov, T. Diaz de la Rubia
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 650 / 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 March 2011, R3.27
- Print publication:
- 2000
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The mechanisms of dislocation-defect interactions are of practical importance for developing quantitative structure-property relationships, mechanistic understanding of plastic flow localization and predictive models of mechanical behavior in metals under irradiation. In copper and other face centered cubic metals, high-energy particle irradiation produces hardening and shear localization. Post-irradiation microstructural examination in Cu reveals that irradiation has produced a high number density of nanometer sized stacking fault tetrahedra. Thus, the resultant irradiation hardening and shear localization is commonly attributed to the interaction between stacking fault tetrahedra and mobile dislocations, although the mechanism of this interaction is unknown. In this work, we present a comprehensive molecular dynamics simulation study that characterizes the interaction and fate of moving dislocations with stacking fault tetrahedra in Cu using an EAM interatomic potential. This work is intended to produce atomistic input into dislocation dynamics simulations of plastic flow localization in irradiated materials.
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy and Small Angle Neutron Scattering Characterization of Nanostructural Features in Irradiated Fe-Cu-Mn Alloys
- B. D. Wirth, P. Asoka-Kumar, R. H. Howell, G. R. Odette, P. A. Sterne
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 650 / 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 March 2011, R6.5
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- 2000
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Radiation embrittlement of nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels results from a high number density of nanometer sized Cu-Mn-Ni rich precipitates (CRPs) and sub-nanometer matrix features, thought to be vacancy-solute cluster complexes (VSC). However, questions exist regarding both the composition of the precipitates and the defect character and composition of the matrix features. We present results of positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) characterization of irradiated and thermally aged Fe-Cu and Fe-Cu-Mn alloys. These complementary techniques provide insight into the composition and character of both types of nanoscale features. The SANS measurements indicate populations of CRPs and VSCs in both alloys. The CRPs are coarser in the Fe-Cu alloy and the number densities of CRP and VSC increase with the addition of Mn. The PAS involved measuring both the positron lifetimes and the Doppler broadened annihilation spectra in the high momentum region to provide elemental sensitivity at the annihilation site. The spectra in Fe-Cu-Mn specimens thermally aged to peak hardness at 450°C and irradiated at 288°C are nearly identical to elemental Cu. Positron lifetime and spectrum measurements in Fe-Cu specimens irradiated at 288°C clearly show the existence of long lifetime (∼500 ps) open volume defects, which also contain Cu. Thus the SANS and PAS provide a self-consistent picture of nanostructures composed of CRPs and VSCs and tend to discount high Fe concentrations in the CRPs.
Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations of Cascade Aging in Iron and Dilute Iron-Copper Alloys
- B. D. Wirth, G. R. Odette
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 540 / 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 637
- Print publication:
- 1998
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Neutron hardening and embrittlement of pressure vessel steels is due to a high density of nm scale features, including copper-manganese-nickel rich precipitates and what are generally believed to be defect cluster-solute complexes. It has been postulated that the sub nanometer defect cluster-solute complexes form directly in displacement cascades. Cluster-complexes that are thermally unstable mediate the effect of flux on embrittlement kinetics. Larger cluster-complexes, that are relatively thermally stable for irradiation times up to 1 Gs, cause embrittlement in low copper steels. Robust characterization of these two types of so-called matrix defects has been an elusive goal. In this work, Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations of the long term evolution of the vacancy-rich cascade core regions were carried out for both pure iron and dilute iron-copper alloys at the nominal irradiation temperature of 563°K up to times when the vacancy clusters completely dissolve. Energetics were based on lattice embedded atom method potentials. Special time scaling and pulse annealing techniques were used to deal with the enormous range of inherent time scales involved, viz., rapid free vacancy jumps to slow emission from large complexes. Three-dimensional clusters rapidly form, containing a wide range of vacancies, as well as copper atoms in alloys. Small complexes are very mobile and growth takes place primarily by coalescence. The vacancy clusters ultimately dissolve at times from less than 0.1 to more than 100 MS. These simulations support the hypotheses that cascade cluster- complexes constitute both thermally stable and unstable matrix defect features.
Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations of Cascade Aging in Iron and Dilute Iron-Copper Alloys
- B. D. Wirth, G. R. Odette
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 538 / 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 211
- Print publication:
- 1998
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Neutron hardening and embrittlement of pressure vessel steels is due to a high density of nm scale features, including copper-manganese-nickel rich precipitates and what are generally believed to be defect cluster-solute complexes. It has been postulated that the sub nanometer defect cluster-solute complexes form directly in displacement cascades. Cluster-complexes that are thermally unstable mediate the effect of flux on embrittlement kinetics. Larger cluster-complexes, that are relatively thermally stable for irradiation times up to 1 Gs, cause embrittlement in low copper steels. Robust characterization of these two types of so-called matrix defects has been an elusive goal. In this work, Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations of the long term evolution of the vacancy-rich cascade core regions were carried out for both pure iron and dilute iron-copper alloys at the nominal irradiation temperature of 563°K up to times when the vacancy clusters completely dissolve. Energetics were based on lattice embedded atom method potentials. Special time scaling and pulse annealing techniques were used to deal with the enormous range of inherent time scales involved, viz., rapid free vacancy jumps to slow emission from large complexes. Three-dimensional clusters rapidly form, containing a wide range of vacancies, as well as copper atoms in alloys. Small complexes are very mobile and growth takes place primarily by coalescence. The vacancy clusters ultimately dissolve at times from less than 0.1 to more than 100 MS. These simulations support the hypotheses that cascade cluster-complexes constitute both thermally stable and unstable matrix defect features.
Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations of Diffusion and Decomposition Kinetics In Fe-Cu Alloys: Embedded Atom and Nearest Neighbor Potentials
- B. D. Wirth, G. R. Odette
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 481 / 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 151
- Print publication:
- 1997
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In principle, Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) methods can accurately simulate the precipitation of coherent phases by tracking the motion of a vacancy and the corresponding diffusion and clustering of solutes. The fidelity of the KLMC simulations depends primarily on the validity of the assumed interatomic potentials. These potentials must provide accurate solute-solute-solvent-vacancy energetics over the length scales relevant to the physical decomposition paths. Of course, simulating long range strain energy interactions is the biggest challenge, but the significance of this contribution is less in systems manifesting primarily dilational strains. Simple nearest neighbor (NN) potentials, used in previous KLMC of decomposition kinetics of dilute Fe-Cu alloys are generally not able to reproduce alloy property combinations like vacancy formation energies, dilute heats of solution and the coherent interface energies. Further, solute diffusion in bcc alloys requires jumps between first and second nearest neighbors, and is governed by, at minimum, at least three independent jump frequencies. The jump frequencies are controlled by the binding energies of atoms out to at least second nearest neighbor positions (which are only about 15% further away from the solute than the first nearest neighbor) and are also influenced by solute-modified saddle point activation energies. Thus longer range multiatom embedded-atom-method (EAM) type potentials can, in principle, provide a more realistic simulation of diffusion and solute clustering compared to NN based models. However, this refinement comes at a much higher computational cost. While they cannot be directly compared, this study presents KLMC results for both a simplified EAM versus a NN potential, and describes important new mechanistic insight provided by these atomistic simulations.
Simulation of Interstitial Cluster Mobility and Cluster Mediated Surface Topologies
- B. D. Wirth, G. R. Odette, D. Maroudas, G. E. Lucas
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 504 / 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 63
- Print publication:
- 1997
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Molecular statics and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on the embedded atom method (EAM) are used to model the energetics and mobility of tightly bound clusters of selfinterstitial atoms (SIA) in bcc iron. Single and clusters of SIA are directly produced in displacement cascades generated in neutron and high energy charged particle beam irradiations. The clusters are composed of <111> split dumbbells and crowdions with binding energies in excess of 1 eV. Clusters containing specified ‘magic’ numbers of SIA can be described as perfect prismatic dislocation loops with Burgers vector b=a/2<111>; however, the core region is extended compared to an isolated edge dislocation and the loops are intrinsically kinked. As the loops grow, SIA occupy successive edge rows, with minimum energy cusps found at the magic numbers corresponding to filled hexagonal shells. The SIA clusters are highly mobile, undergoing rapid one-dimensional diffusion on their glide prism. The activation energy for glide diffusion is less than 0.3 eV and the corresponding mechanism is related to easy motion of the intrinsic kinks. The kinks, which are preferentially observed on the hexagonal corners, propagate around the loop periphery, resulting in stochastic increments of glide. Image drift forces bias cluster motion near free surfaces and the consequential annihilation of clusters at the surface produces islands bounded by hexagonal ledges. The potential effect of islands modifying surface topology is also discussed. While these simulations are specific to iron, similar behavior is expected for other cubic alloys.
On the Composition and Structure of Nanoprecipitates in Irradiated Pressure Vessel Steels
- G. R. Odette, C. L. Liu, B. D. Wirth
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 439 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 457
- Print publication:
- 1996
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Nanoscale Cu rich precipitates (CRPs) are widely believed to be the dominant hardening feature resulting in severe embrittlement in irradiated reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels. However, this view has recently been challenged by interpretations of atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) measurements that describe the dominant nanofeatures as dilute solute atmospheres (DSAs). The practical impact of these differing views is very significant. This work compares and contrasts the CRP versus DSA descriptions to a wide variety of pertinent data. Mechanical property trends as well as small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and field emission scanning transmission electron microscopy (FEGSTEM) measurements support the presence of CRPs. CRPs are also consistent with the fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic laws. However, standard theory cannot provide the atomic level resolution needed to fully understand the nanofeatures. Therefore, a new Lattice Monte Carlo (LMC) atomistic method is used to simulate the complex chemical structures of the CRPs. The LMC method unifies the SANS/FEGSTEM and APFIM data within a well founded physical framework.